Essays & Papers

Card discounts and digital banking incentives in Pakistan look like consumer benefits, but they are the opening move of a state playbook to formalize the informal economy and build permanent financial surveillance infrastructure.

This essay argues that what separates stronger from weaker accounts in Black political thought is not proximity to experience, but whether gender is treated as structurally constitutive of the analysis—comparing Cooper, Wells, and Du Bois.

Using World Values Survey data across three waves, this paper examines whether individual religiosity became a stronger predictor of political participation in Pakistan after the fall of Musharraf's secular military regime.

A comparison of how Ralph Ellison, James Baldwin, and Toni Morrison each envision a world free of racial hierarchy — and why Morrison's vision is the most plausible.

An exploration of how art has historically reflected dissent, challenged injustice, and exposed the impacts of American political decisions.

This essay explores the internal contradictions, geopolitical limitations, and multipolar pressures that challenge the foundations of the liberal international order.